If all your field values are doubles, then this seems it could be a field name issue rather than a limitation on the number of fields. Try using a RecordID and a Dynamic Rename to rename all your fields with some integers to test and see if a field name is the problem.
Another topic with mentioning is that using 577 fields might not be the best course of action. I would consider performing a principle component analysis to reduce dimentionality before the cluster assignment process. Here's a note from the documentation on the Principal Components Tool:
"Principal components can be used instead of the original fields in predictive models, avoiding the problems that can occur when highly correlated variables are used, but at the cost of making model interpretation more difficult. In addition, the method can be used to determine which groups of fields are likely to be jointly highly related to one another, and help guide decisions in which fields to omit from a predictive model. Finally, the ability to "collapse" a large number of fields into a small number of principal components is often a benefit in visualizing relationships in the data."
https://help.alteryx.com/20213/designer/principal-components-tool
